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변형 ➪ 빈칸 - 글순서 - 문장넣기 - 어법 - 어휘 - 연결어구 - 내용(불)일치 - 제목 - 주제 - 요지 - 요약 - 심경 - 지시어 ------------SEVEN 8 NINE

18. 목적 □□ 학생의 운동 및 학업에 대한 헌신적인 태도를 가진 학생을 대학에 추천하는 글

I am writing to you on behalf of Ashley Hale. I [have had / have] the pleasure of coaching Ashley in soccer for three years and [instructing / instruct] her in Spanish during her freshman year of high school. Ashley [has displayed / has been displayed] a very strong commitment to both her athletic and academic performance. She frequently goes the extra mile to help her classmates or teammates [achieve / achieving] their goals. I believe you will find her to be a [highly / high]successful member of your student body and [recommend / recommending] that you accept her to your college. If you need further information, feel free to [contact / contacting] me. Thank you for your time.

19. 심경 □□ 어두워져 불안해진 필자가 카페에 들어가서 두 남자에게서 느낀 두려움

Sunset was late in coming. It had been a hot sunny day and the air was heavy and still. I saw a large fountain in the middle of the town [square / squire] but there was no water. The square was empty except for a black cat [staring / stared] at me with a scary, sharp look. The shops were closed and there was no one about. I started to grow anxious as it got dark. I walked across to a cafe and [sat / seated] down at a table, [putting / put] my bag on the seat [beside / besides] me. The cafe was empty except for two rough-looking men at a table next to the window. They observed me threateningly and suddenly started to [approach / approach to] me. I really wanted to escape.

20. 필자의 주장 □□ 부정적인 감정을 그대로 받아들이세요.

Strong negative feelings are part of being human. Problems [occur / are occurred] when we try too hard to control or avoid these feelings. A helpful way of coping with strong negative feelings [is / are] to take them for what they are―messages from your mind and body [intended / intending] to keep you [safe / safely]. For instance, if you are afraid of a work presentation, trying to avoid your anxiety will likely [reduce / deduce] your confidence and increase your fear. Instead, try to accept your anxiety as a signal that you are probably nervous about public speaking―just like [most / almost] other people. This helps you [lower / lowering] the level of your anxiety and stress, increasing your confidence and making the presentation much easier.

21. 요지 □□ 문화에 따라 표정을 인식하는 방식이 다르다.

An interesting study about facial expressions [was / were] recently published by the American Psychological Association. Fifteen Chinese people and fifteen Scottish people [took / were taken] part in the study. They viewed emotion-neutral faces that were randomly changed on a computer screen and then [categorized / categorizing] the facial expressions as happy, sad, surprised, fearful, or angry. The responses allowed researchers [to identify / identify] the expressive facial features that participants associated with each emotion. The study found [that / what] the Chinese participants relied more on the eyes to tell facial expressions, while the Scottish participants relied on the eyebrows and mouth. People from different cultures [perceive / are perceived] happy, sad, or angry facial expressions in different ways. That is, facial expressions are not the “universal language of emotions.”

22. 주제 □□ 즉각적으로 반응하지 말고 충분히 생각할 시간을 가지세요.

When you face a severe source of stress, you may fight back, [reacting / react] immediately. While this served your ancestors well when they were [attacked by / attacking] a wild animal, it is [less / more] helpful today [unless / if] you are attacked physically. Technology makes [it / that] much easier to worsen a situation with a [quick / slow] response. I know I have been guilty of responding too quickly to people, on email in particular, in a harsh tone that only made things [worse / better]. The more something causes your heart to race, the more [important / importantly] it is to step back before speaking or typing a single word. This will give you time to think things through and [find / finding] a way to deal with the other person in a healthier manner.

23. 제목 □□ 애완동물과의 접촉이 학생들의 정신적 건강에 도움이 된다.

On college campuses in the U.S. and around the world, some animals are [helping / helped] students in need. With many students [reporting / reported] depression and anxiety, school officials arrange pet therapy events to spread cheer and [fight / fighting] stress, especially during exams. These are not service animals [trained / that trained] to help people with disabilities; most are the pets of volunteers. Their visits are obviously beneficial: Research shows [that / what] contact with pets can decrease blood pressure and stress-hormone levels and [increase / increasing] so-called happiness hormones. Mary Callahan, a director at Pet Partners, considers pet visits on campus a great way to support students on their path to success.

25. 불일치 □□ 상록수 Joshua tree

Joshua trees are evergreen, with numerous, sharp-pointed leaves at the ends of their branches. The unique appearance of the Joshua tree makes [it / itself] a very desirable decoration. Unfortunately, many Joshua trees [have been dug / have dug] up to be planted in urban areas, despite a very [low / row] rate of survival when [removed / removing] and planted in other places. Native Americans roasted and ate their flower buds. Young seeds were eaten [raw / law] or cooked (and said [to taste / tasting] like bananas). Alcoholic drinks were made from their flowers, too. But Joshua trees are hard to eat by today’s standards, and have [little / a little] possibility of ever becoming a commercial food crop because they are protected by law.

28. 어법 □□ 일상생활에서 필수적인 광고

A lot of customers buy products only after they are [made / making] aware [that / what] the products are available in the market. Let’s say a product, [even / as] if it has been out there for a while, is not [advertised / advertising]. Then what might happen? Not [knowing / to know] that the product exists, customers would probably not buy it even if the product [may have worked / may work] for [them / it]. Advertising also helps people [find / finding] the best for themselves. When they are made aware of a whole range of goods, they are [able / capable] to compare them and [make / making] purchases so that they get [what / that] they desire with their hard-earned money. Thus, advertising has become a necessity in everybody’s daily life.

29. 낱말 □□ 얼마나 일찍 아이들이 컴을 시작해야 하는가?

How soon is too soon to start kids on a computer? If your baby is [less / more] than a year old, the answer is [clear / clearly]. That is [because / why] a baby’s vision has not [developed enough / enough developed] to focus on the screen, and they can’t even sit up on their own. But after their first birthday, people have different answers to the question. Some people [disagree / agree] with the idea of [exposing / being exposed] three-year-olds to computers. They insist that parents stimulate their children in the traditional ways through reading, sports, and play ― instead of computers. Others argue that early exposure to computers [is / are] helpful in [adapting / adopting] to our digital world. They believe the earlier kids [start / to start] to use computers, the more [familiarity / reluctance] they will have when [using / used] other digital devices.

30. 가리키는 대상 □□ 끝까지 최선을 다하지 않은 은퇴를 앞둔 목수

An elderly carpenter was ready to retire. He told his boss of his plans [to leave / leave] the housebuilding business to live a more [leisurely / leisure] life with his family. He would miss the paycheck each week, but he wanted to retire. The boss was sorry to see his good worker [go / to go] and [asked / asking] [if / that] he could build just one more house as a personal favor. The carpenter said yes, but over time [it / that] was easy to see that his heart was not in his work. He [used / used to] poor materials and didn’t put much time or effort into his last work. It was an [unfortunate / fortunate] way to end his lifelong career. When he finished his work, his boss came to check out the house. Then he handed the front-door key to the worker and [said / saying], “This is your house, my gift to you.”

31. 빈칸 □□ 단기적 손실이 아니라 장기적인 성장에 집중해서 투자를 해야 한다

Perhaps the biggest mistake that most investors make when they first begin investing [is / are] getting into a panic over [losses / gains]. This is a major obstacle to [making / make] a strong and long-lasting plan. We work hard for our money, and we want to see it grow and [work / to work] hard for us. But what most beginning investors don’t understand is [that / what] investing in the stock market is a risk, and that with risk, you sometimes take losses. [Although / Because] an investment may be [falling / rising] in price, it doesn’t mean you have to abandon it in a rush. The point is, as investors, we should not focus on [short-term / long-term] losses, but rather on [long-term / short-term] growth. Therefore, be patient when it comes to not only your stock portfolio but to personal investments as well.

32. 빈칸 □□ 동일한 물건이 상황에 따라 가치가 달리 평가 된다

People have [changing / unchanging] values depending on the situation. For example, a person might buy a bottle of water, but after reading an article on possible risks of plastic bottles, that same person might [avoid / buy] an identical bottle of water the next day. When a year later this same person flies to an anti-plastics conference and [crashes / crashing] in the desert, a plastic bottle of water might suddenly become one of the [most / least] valuable things in the universe ― to that person, at that time, and in that place. This person shows a preference for one thing over another and [demonstrates / demonstrating] a ranking and ordering of values with every choice and every action.

33. 빈칸 □□ 논증은, 감정에 기초하는 의견과 달리, 뒷받침하는 논거를 제시하는 것이다 33.

In philosophy, the best way to understand the concept of an argument is to [contrast / contract] it with an opinion. An opinion is simply a belief or attitude about someone or something. We express our opinions all the time: We love or hate certain films or different types of food. For the most part, people’s opinions are based [almost / most] always upon their feelings. They don’t feel they have to support their opinions with any kind of evidence. An argument is something a bit [different / indifferent] from this. It is made [to convince / convince] others that one’s claims are true. Thus, it is an attempt to [present / ignore] reasons in support of one’s claims. Arguments are the building blocks of philosophy, and the good philosopher is one who is [able / capable] to create the best arguments based on a [solid / flexible] foundation.

34. 빈칸 □□ 하루 중 시간에 따라 발 크기가 다를 수 있다.

Finding the perfect shoe fit may be [difficult / difficulty] for some people. Most adults [think / are thought] they know their exact foot size, [so / yet] they don’t measure their feet when [buying / they buying] new shoes. Therefore, many people squeeze into the same shoe size for years, or even decades. While feet stop [growing / to grow] in length by age twenty, [most / almost] feet gradually widen with age, and sometimes women’s feet “grow” after the birth of a child. Besides, your feet can actually be different sizes at different times of the day, [getting / get] larger and returning to “normal” by the next morning. [So / However], the next time you buy shoes, [remember / remembering] that your foot size can change.

35. 글 순서 □□ 재소비(책을 다시 읽는 것, 장소를 다시 방문하는 것)에는 많은 이점이 있다.

The habit of reading books multiple times [encourages / discourages] people [to engage / engaging] with them emotionally. If they only read a book once, they tend to only [focus / focusing] on the events and stories in [it / them]. But with a second read-through, the [repeated / repeating] experience brings back the initial emotions [caused by / causing] the book, and allows people [to appreciate / appreciate] those emotions at their leisure. By enjoying the emotional [effects / efforts] of the book more deeply, people become [more / less] in touch with their own feelings. Despite their familarity with the stories, re-reading brings [renewed / renewing] understanding of both the book and [themselves / them]. The same effect can [be seen / see] with familiar holiday [destinations / departures]. Re-visiting a place can also help people better [understand / understanding] both the place and themselves. [Considering / Consider] the immense benefits, don’t hesitate to give re-consuming a try.

36. 글 순서 □□ 물고기와 부상(浮上)

To [rise / raise], a fish must [reduce / increase / induce] its overall density, and most fish do this with a swim bladder. A fish fills its bladder with oxygen [collected / that collected] from the surrounding water. As it is filled, the bladder [expands / expends]. Then, the fish has a greater volume, but its weight is not greatly [increased / decreased]. This means that its density has been [decreasing / increasing], so the fish experiences a [greater / less] rising force. Finally, when the bladder is fully expanded, the fish is at its [maximum / minimum] volume and is [pushed / pushing] to the [surface / floor]. Most fish rise [using / used to] this method, but not all [do / are]. Some species don’t need a swim bladder [because / although] they spend all their lives [moving / moved] along the ocean floor. Other fish float and sink by propelling [themselves / them] forward.

37. 문장넣기 □□ 행동 포착이라는 강아지 훈련 방법

The technique I [use / used to] to train my puppy [is called / called] behavior capture which is different from the [common / uncommon] training method. Normally you first give an order and [reward / reward] your puppy only when he follows it. In behavior capture, however, you first have to wait [until / by the time] your dog performs the behavior you want [him to / him]. Simply watch your puppy’s activities, [waiting / wait] for a particular behavior to [occur / be occurred]; when one [happens / is happened], reward him. For example, if you want to train him [to lie / to lay] down whenever you say, “Lie down,” you just have to wait until he happens [to do / doing] so. Then, as soon as your puppy [lies / is lain] down, you give him the order, “Lie down,” and [give / giving] him a treat as a [reward / award]. Once the puppy knows that there is a reward [waiting / waited], he treats the experience as a [pleasant / unpleasant] game.

38. 문장넣기 □□ 이유[원인]을 목적을 의미하기 위해 사용하는 경우도 있다

People sometimes say, ‘Everything [happens / is happened] for a reason.’ In one sense this is true. Everything does happen for a reason―which is to say [that / what] events have causes, and the cause always comes [before / after] the event. Tsunamis happen because of undersea earthquakes, and earthquakes happen because of shifts in the earth’s plates. That is the true sense of ‘everything happens for a reason,’ and here ‘reason’ means ‘past cause.’ But people sometimes [use / used to] reason in a different sense to mean something like ‘purpose.’ They will say something like, ‘The reason for the tsunami was to punish us for our faults.’ It is [surprising / surprised] how often people [depend / are depended] on this kind of nonsense.

39. 무관한 문장 □□ 시간에 대한 인식 변화로 일할 수 있는 더 많은 에너지를 얻을 수 있다.

In an experiment, when people [were asked / asked] to count three minutes in their heads, 25-year-olds were quite accurate, but 65-year-olds went over on average by 40 seconds. Time seemed to pass [faster / more slowly] for the older group. This may seem [meaningless / meaninglessly], but there are a lot of benefits to [perceiving / perceive] time like 65-year-olds. For example, if you have been working on a project for eight hours, but it only feels [like / alike] six, you will have [more / less] energy to keep [going / to go]. If you have been running for 20 minutes, and you perceive it [to be / being] only 13 minutes, you’re [more / less] likely to have seven more minutes of energy. So, if you want to use your energy to work longer, just [change / changing] your perception of how [long / fast] you have been working.

40. 요약 □□ 뭔가를 소유할 수 없을 때 그것이 더 매력적이라고 느낀다.

In one study, researchers asked students [to arrange / arrange] ten posters in order of beauty. They promised [that / what] afterward the students could have one of the ten posters as a reward for their participation. [However / Therefore], when the students finished the task, the researchers said that the students were not [allowed / allowing]  [to keep / keep] the poster that they [had rated / had been rated] as the third-most beautiful. Then, they asked the students [to judge / judging] all ten posters again from the very beginning. What happened was that the poster they were [unable / able] to keep was suddenly ranked as the most beautiful. This is an example of the “Romeo and Juliet [effect / effort]”: Just like Romeo and Juliet in the Shakespearean tragedy, people become more [attached / attaching] to each other when their love is [prohibited / supported].

41~42 장문 이해 □□ 목표에 지나치게 집중하는 것은 부정적인 결과를 초래할 수 있다

Last year, Roberta Vinci had a tennis match with No. 1-ranked Serena Williams in the US Open. [No one / Everyone] thought Vinci would win, but she [did / was]. In an interview after the match, Vinci said she did not think it was [possible / impossible], so she [tried not / didn't try] to think about winning. “In my mind I said, ‘Hit the ball and run. Don’t think, just run.’ And then I [won / lost].”

Vinci’s [attitude / aptitude] stands strongly against today’s culture [where / which] we emphasize [positivity / negativity] too much. If you are feeling [like / alike] something is impossible, then you are [told / telling] that you are just not thinking [positively enough / enough positively]. [However / Therefore], if you really believe that something is [impossible / impossible], or that you won’t succeed, then [trying / try] to convince yourself [otherwise / likewise] can increase your anxiety, and actually doesn’t help at all. [Therefore / However], sometimes the best way to accomplish a difficult objective is to stop [thinking / to think] that it is [possible / impossible], and just [take / taking] things one step at a time. Remember, [focusing / being focused] too much on the goal can prevent you from [achieving / being achieved] the thing you want. Forget about it. Just hit the ball, and run.

43~45 장문 이해 □□ 도움을 주고받은 Paderewski와 Hoover

(A) A college student was struggling to pay his school fees. He was an orphan, and [not knowing / didn't know] where to turn for money, he came up with a bright idea. He decided [to host / hosting] a music concert on campus to [raise / arise] money for his education. He asked the great pianist Ignacy Paderewski [to come / come] and play. (a) His manager demanded $2,000 for the piano recital. A deal was [struck / striking] and the student began working to make the concert a success.

(D) The big day arrived. But unfortunately, he had not managed [to sell / selling] enough tickets. The total amount [collected / which corrected] was only $1,600. [Disappointed / Disappointing], he went to Paderewski and [explained / explaining] his difficulty. Paderewski returned the $1,600 and [told / telling] the student: “Here’s the $1,600. Keep the money you need for your fees.” The student was [surprised / surprising], and thanked (e) him heartily.

(B) Paderewski [later / latter] went on to become the Prime Minister of Poland. He was a great leader, but unfortunately when World War Ⅰ began, Poland was [ravaged / ravaging]. There were more than 1.5 million people [starving / starved] in his country, and [there / it] was no money to feed them. Paderewski did not know where to turn for help. Finally, he asked the US Food and Relief Administration for help.

(C) The head there was a man [called / who called] Herbert Hoover―who later went on to become the US President. He agreed [to supply / supplying] tons of food to the starving Polish people. Paderewski was [relieved / released]. Later, when he began to thank Hoover for his noble gesture, Hoover quickly said, “You shouldn’t be thanking me, Mr. Prime Minister. You may not remember this, but many years ago, you helped a student [make / making] it through college. I was him.”

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